Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors, the latest residents on the block: Impact on glycaemic control at a general practice level in England

Heald, Adrian H.; Fryer, Anthony A.; Anderson, Simon G.; Livingston, Mark; Lunt, Mark; Davies, Mark; Moreno, Gabriela Y. C.; Gadsby, Roger; Young, Robert J.; Stedman, Mike

Abstract

Aims
To determine, using published general practice-level data, how differences in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prescribing patterns relate to glycaemic target achievement levels.

Methods
Multiple linear regression modelling was used to link practice characteristics and defined daily dose (DDD) of different classes of medication in 2015/2016 and changes between that year and the year 2014/2015 in medication to proportion of patients achieving target glycaemic control (glycated haemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] ≤58 mmol/mol [7.5%]) and proportion of patients at high glycaemic risk (HbA1c >86 mmol/mol [10.0%]) for practices in the National Diabetes Audit with >100 people with T2DM on their register.

Results
Overall, HbA1c outcomes were not different between the years studied. Although, in percentage terms, most practices increased their use of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (96%), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (76%) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogues (53%), there was wide variation in the use of older and newer therapies. For example, 12% of practices used >200% of the national average for some newer agents. In cross-sectional analysis, greater prescribing of metformin and analogue insulin were associated with a higher proportion of patients achieving HbA1c ≤58 mmol/mol; the use of SGLT2 inhibitors and metformin was associated with a reduced proportion of patients with HbA1c >86 mol/mol; otherwise associations for sulphonylureas, GLP-1 analogues, SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors were neutral or negative. In year-on-year analysis there was ongoing deterioration in glycaemic control, which was offset to some extent by increased use of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 analogues, which were associated with a greater proportion of patients achieving HbA1c levels ≤58 mmol/mol and a smaller proportion of patients with HbA1c levels >86 mmol/mol. SGLT2 inhibitor prescribing was associated with significantly greater improvements than those found for GLP-1 analogues.

Conclusion
Greater use of newer agents was associated with improvement in glycaemic outcomes but was not sufficient to compensate for the prevailing decline. This may reflect wide variability in the prescribing of newer agents. We found that SGLT inhibitors may be superior to other oral agents in relation to HbA1c outcome. Serious consideration should be given to their use.

Citation

Heald, A. H., Fryer, A. A., Anderson, S. G., Livingston, M., Lunt, M., Davies, M., Moreno, G. Y. C., Gadsby, R., Young, R. J., & Stedman, M. (2018). Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors, the latest residents on the block: Impact on glycaemic control at a general practice level in England. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 20(7), 1659-1669. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13281

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Mar 2, 2018
• Online Publication Date: Mar 8, 2018
• Publication Date: 2018-07
• Deposit Date: Jun 14, 2023
• Journal: Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
• Print ISSN: 1462-8902
• Electronic ISSN: 1463-1326
• Publisher: Wiley
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 20
• Issue: 7
• Pages: 1659-1669
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13281
• Keywords: Endocrinology; Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; Internal Medicine
• Public URL: https://keele-repository.worktribe.com/output/453869
• PMID: 29516618
• Additional Information: Received: 2017-12-07; Accepted: 2018-03-02; Published: 2018-04-17