The EDIBLES survey: VII. A survey of C2 and C3 in interstellar clouds

Fan, Haoyu; Rocha, Carlos M. R.; Cordiner, Martin; Linnartz, Harold; Cox, Nick L. J.; Farhang, Amin; Smoker, Jonathan; Roueff, Evelyne; Ehrenfreund, Pascale; Salama, Farid; Foing, Bernard H.; Lallement, Rosine; MacIsaac, Heather; Kulik, Klay; Sarre, Peter; van Loon, Jacco Th.; Cami, Jan

Abstract

Context. Small linear carbon chain radicals such as C2 and C3 act as both the building blocks and dissociation fragments of larger carbonaceous species. Their rotational excitation traces the temperature and density of local environments. However, these homo-nuclear di- and triatomic species are only accessible through their electronic and vibrational features because they lack a permanent dipole moment, and high signal-to-noise ratio data are necessary as the result of their generally low abundances in the interstellar medium (ISM).

Aims. In order to improve our understanding of small carbonaceous species in the ISM, we carried out a sensitive survey of C2 and C3 using the ESO Diffuse Interstellar Bands Large Exploration Survey (EDIBLES) dataset. We also expanded our searches to C4, C5, and the 13C12C isotopologue in the most molecule-rich sightlines.

Methods. We fitted synthetic spectra generated following a physical excitation model to the C2 (2-0) Phillips band to obtain the C2 column density (N) as well as the kinetic temperature (Tkin) and number density (n) of the host cloud. The C3 molecule was measured through its à − (000-000) electronic origin band system. We simulated the excitation of this band with a double-temperature Boltzmann distribution.

Results. We present the largest combined survey of C2 and C3 to date in which the individual transitions can be resolved. In total, we detected C2 in 51 velocity components along 40 sightlines, and C3 in 31 velocity components along 27 sightlines. Further analysis confirms the two molecules are detected in the same velocity components. We find a very good correlation between N(C2) and N(C3) with a Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.93 and an average N(C2)/N(C3) ratio of 15.5± 1.4. A comparison with the behaviour of the C2 diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) shows that there are no clear differences among sightlines with and without detections of C2 and C3. This is in direct contrast to the better-studied non-C2 DIBs, which have reduced strengths in molecule-rich environments, consistent with the idea that the C2 DIBs are indeed a distinguishable DIB family. We also identify, for the first time, the Q(2), Q(3), and Q(4) transitions of the 13C12C (2-0) Phillips band in the stacked average spectrum of molecule-rich sightlines, and estimate the isotopic ratio of carbon 12C/13C to be 79±8, consistent with literature results. At this stage it is not yet possible to identify these transitions in individual sightlines. Our search for the C4 and C5 optical bands was unsuccessful; even in stacked spectra no unambiguous identification could be made.

Citation

Fan, H., Rocha, C. M. R., Cordiner, M., Linnartz, H., Cox, N. L. J., Farhang, A., …Cami, J. (2024). The EDIBLES survey: VII. A survey of C2 and C3 in interstellar clouds. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 681, Article A6. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243910

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Aug 21, 2023
• Online Publication Date: Dec 22, 2023
• Publication Date: 2024-01
• Deposit Date: Mar 19, 2024
• Journal: Astronomy & Astrophysics
• Print ISSN: 0004-6361
• Electronic ISSN: 1432-0746
• Publisher: EDP Sciences
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 681
• Article Number: A6
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243910
• Keywords: Space and Planetary Science; Astronomy and Astrophysics; ISM: lines and bands / ISM: clouds / ISM: molecules