TOI-2015 b: A sub-Neptune in strong gravitational interaction with an outer non-transiting planet

Barkaoui, K.; Korth, J.; Gaidos, E.; Agol, E.; Parviainen, H.; Pozuelos, F. J.; Palle, E.; Narita, N.; Grimm, S.; Brady, M.; Bean, J. L.; Morello, G.; Rackham, B.V.; Burgasser, A. J.; Van Grootel, V.; Rojas-Ayala, B.; Seifahrt, A.; Marfil, E.; Passegger, V. M.; Stalport, M.; Gillon, M.; Collins, K. A.; Shporer, A.; Giacalone, S.; Yalçınkaya, S.; Ducrot, E.; Timmermans, M.; Triaud, A. H. M. J.; de Wit, J.; Soubkiou, A.; Watkins, C. N.; Aganze, C.; Alonso, R.; Amado, P. J.; Basant, R.; Baştürk, Ö.; Benkhaldoun, Z.; Burdanov, A.; Calatayud-Borras, Y.; Chouqar, J.; Conti, D. M.; Collins, K. I.; Davoudi, F.; Delrez, L.; Dressing, C. D.; de Leon, J.; Dévora-Pajares, M.; Demory, B. O.; Dransfield, G.; Esparza-Borges, E.; Fernández-Rodriguez, G.; Fukuda, I.; Fukui, A.; Gallardo, P. P. M.; Garcia, L.; Garcia, N. A.; Ghachoui, M.; Geraldía-González, S.; Gómez Maqueo Chew, Y.; González-Rodríguez, J.; Günther, M. N.; Hayashi, Y.; Horne, K.; Hooton, M. J.; Hsu, C. C.; Ikuta, K.; Isogai, K.; Jehin, E.; Jenkins, J. M.; Kawauchi, K.; Kagetani, T.; Kawai, Y.; Kasper, D.; Kielkopf, J. F.; Klagyivik, P.; Lacedelli, G.; Latham, D. W.; Libotte, F.; Luque, R.; Livingston, J. H.; Mancini, L.; Massey, B.; Mori, M.; Muñoz Torres, S.; Murgas, F.; Niraula, P.; Orell-Miquel, J.; Rapetti, David; Rebolo-López, R.; Ricker, G.; Papini, R.; Pedersen, P. P.; Peláez-Torres, A.; Pérez-Prieto, J. A.; Poultourtzidis, E.; Rodriguez, P. M.; Queloz, D.; Savel, A. B.; Schanche, N.; Sánchez-Benavente, M.; Sibbald, L.; Sefako, R.; Sohy, S.; Sota, A.; Schwarz, R. P.; Seager, S.; Sebastian, D.; Southworth, J.; Stangret, M.; Stefánsson, G.; Stürmer, J.; Srdoc, G.; Thompson, S. J.; Terada, Y.; Vanderspek, R.; Wang, G.; Watanabe, N.; Wilkin, F. P.; Winn, J.; Wells, R. D.; Ziegler, C.; Zúñiga-Fernández, S.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452916

TOI-2015 b: A sub-Neptune in strong gravitational interaction with an outer non-transiting planet

Barkaoui, K.; Korth, J.; Gaidos, E.; Agol, E.; Parviainen, H.; Pozuelos, F. J.; Palle, E.; Narita, N.; Grimm, S.; Brady, M.; Bean, J. L.; Morello, G.; Rackham, B.V.; Burgasser, A. J.; Van Grootel, V.; Rojas-Ayala, B.; Seifahrt, A.; Marfil, E.; Passegger, V. M.; Stalport, M.; Gillon, M.; Collins, K. A.; Shporer, A.; Giacalone, S.; Yalçınkaya, S.; Ducrot, E.; Timmermans, M.; Triaud, A. H. M. J.; de Wit, J.; Soubkiou, A.; Watkins, C. N.; Aganze, C.; Alonso, R.; Amado, P. J.; Basant, R.; Baştürk, Ö.; Benkhaldoun, Z.; Burdanov, A.; Calatayud-Borras, Y.; Chouqar, J.; Conti, D. M.; Collins, K. I.; Davoudi, F.; Delrez, L.; Dressing, C. D.; de Leon, J.; Dévora-Pajares, M.; Demory, B. O.; Dransfield, G.; Esparza-Borges, E.; Fernández-Rodriguez, G.; Fukuda, I.; Fukui, A.; Gallardo, P. P. M.; Garcia, L.; Garcia, N. A.; Ghachoui, M.; Geraldía-González, S.; Gómez Maqueo Chew, Y.; González-Rodríguez, J.; Günther, M. N.; Hayashi, Y.; Horne, K.; Hooton, M. J.; Hsu, C. C.; Ikuta, K.; Isogai, K.; Jehin,...

Authors

K. Barkaoui

J. Korth

E. Gaidos

E. Agol

H. Parviainen

F. J. Pozuelos

E. Palle

N. Narita

S. Grimm

M. Brady

J. L. Bean

G. Morello

B.V. Rackham

A. J. Burgasser

V. Van Grootel

B. Rojas-Ayala

A. Seifahrt

E. Marfil

V. M. Passegger

M. Stalport

M. Gillon

K. A. Collins

A. Shporer

S. Giacalone

S. Yalçınkaya

E. Ducrot

M. Timmermans

A. H. M. J. Triaud

J. de Wit

A. Soubkiou

C. N. Watkins

C. Aganze

R. Alonso

P. J. Amado

R. Basant

Ö. Baştürk

Z. Benkhaldoun

A. Burdanov

Y. Calatayud-Borras

J. Chouqar

D. M. Conti

K. I. Collins

F. Davoudi

L. Delrez

C. D. Dressing

J. de Leon

M. Dévora-Pajares

B. O. Demory

G. Dransfield

E. Esparza-Borges

G. Fernández-Rodriguez

I. Fukuda

A. Fukui

P. P. M. Gallardo

L. Garcia

N. A. Garcia

M. Ghachoui

S. Geraldía-González

Y. Gómez Maqueo Chew

J. González-Rodríguez

M. N. Günther

Y. Hayashi

K. Horne

M. J. Hooton

C. C. Hsu

K. Ikuta

K. Isogai

E. Jehin

J. M. Jenkins

K. Kawauchi

T. Kagetani

Y. Kawai

D. Kasper

J. F. Kielkopf

P. Klagyivik

G. Lacedelli

D. W. Latham

F. Libotte

R. Luque

J. H. Livingston

L. Mancini

B. Massey

M. Mori

S. Muñoz Torres

F. Murgas

P. Niraula

J. Orell-Miquel

David Rapetti

R. Rebolo-López

G. Ricker

R. Papini

P. P. Pedersen

A. Peláez-Torres

J. A. Pérez-Prieto

E. Poultourtzidis

P. M. Rodriguez

D. Queloz

A. B. Savel

N. Schanche

M. Sánchez-Benavente

L. Sibbald

R. Sefako

S. Sohy

A. Sota

R. P. Schwarz

S. Seager

D. Sebastian

Dr John Taylor j.k.taylor@keele.ac.uk

M. Stangret

G. Stefánsson

J. Stürmer

G. Srdoc

S. J. Thompson

Y. Terada

R. Vanderspek

G. Wang

N. Watanabe

F. P. Wilkin

J. Winn

R. D. Wells

C. Ziegler

S. Zúñiga-Fernández

Abstract

TOI-2015 is a known exoplanetary system around an M4 dwarf star, consisting of a transiting sub-Neptune planet in a 3.35-day orbital period, TOI-2015 b, accompanied by a non-transiting companion, TOI-2015 c. High-precision radial-velocity measurements were taken with the MAROON-X spectrograph, and high-precision photometric data were collected, primarily using the SPECULOOS, MUSCAT, TRAPPIST and LCOGT networks. We collected 63 transit light curves and 49 different transit epochs for TOI-2015 b. We recharacterized the target star by combining optical spectra obtained by the MAROON-X, Shane/KAST and IRTF/SpeX spectrographs, Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and spectral energy distribution (SED) analysis. The TOI-2015 host star is a K = 10.3 mag M4-type dwarf with a subsolar metallicity of [Fe/H] = −0.31 ± 0.16, and an effective temperature of Teff ≈ 3200 K. Our photodynamical analysis of the system strongly favors the 5:3 mean-motion resonance and in this scenario the planet b (TOI-2015 b) has an orbital period of Pb = 3.34 days, a mass of Mp = 9.02-0.36+0.32M⊕ , and a radius of Rp = 3.309-0.011+0.013R⊕ , resulting in a density of ρp = 0.25 ± 0.01 ρ⊕ = 1.40 ± 0.06 g cm−3; this is indicative of a Neptune-like composition. Its transits exhibit large (> 1 hr) timing variations characteristic of an outer perturber in the system. We performed a global analysis of the high-resolution radial-velocity measurements, the photometric data, and the TTVs, and inferred that TOI-2015 hosts a second planet, TOI-2015 c, in a non-transiting configuration. Our analysis places it near a 5:3 resonance with an orbital period of Pc = 5.583 days and a mass of Mp = 8.91-0.40+0.38M⊕. The dynamical configuration of TOI-2015 b and TOI-2015 c can be used to constrain the system’s planetary formation and migration history. Based on the mass-radius composition models, TOI-2015 b is a water-rich or rocky planet with a hydrogen-helium envelope. Moreover, TOI-2015 b has a high transmission-spectroscopic metric (TSM=149), making it a favorable target for future transmission spectroscopic observations with the JWST to constrain the atmospheric composition of the planet. Such observations would also help to break the degeneracies in theoretical models of the planet’s interior structure.

Citation

Barkaoui, K., Korth, J., Gaidos, E., Agol, E., Parviainen, H., Pozuelos, F. J., Palle, E., Narita, N., Grimm, S., Brady, M., Bean, J. L., Morello, G., Rackham, B., Burgasser, A. J., Van Grootel, V., Rojas-Ayala, B., Seifahrt, A., Marfil, E., Passegger, V. M., Stalport, M., …Zúñiga-Fernández, S. (2025). TOI-2015 b: A sub-Neptune in strong gravitational interaction with an outer non-transiting planet. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 695(March 2025), Article A281. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452916

Journal Article Type	Article
Acceptance Date	Feb 10, 2025
Publication Date	2025-03
Deposit Date	Jul 2, 2025
Journal	Astronomy & Astrophysics
Print ISSN	0004-6361
Electronic ISSN	1432-0746
Publisher	EDP Sciences
Peer Reviewed	Peer Reviewed
Volume	695
Issue	March 2025
Article Number	A281
DOI	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452916
Public URL	https://keele-repository.worktribe.com/output/1317563
Publisher URL	https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2025/03/aa52916-24/aa52916-24.html