Suspected tick‐borne flavivirus meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs from the UK: six cases (2021)

Gonzalo‐Nadal, V.; Kohl, A.; Rocchi, M.; Brennan, B.; Hughes, J.; Nichols, J.; Da Silva Filipe, A.; Dunlop, J. I.; Fares, M.; Clark, J. J.; Tandavanitj, R.; Patel, A. H.; Cloquell‐Miro, A.; Bongers, J.; Deacon, J.; Kaczmarska, A.; Stalin, C.; Liatis, T.; Irving, J.; Gutierrez‐Quintana, R.

Abstract

Objectives
Tick-borne encephalitis virus and louping ill virus are neurotropic flaviviruses transmitted by ticks. Epidemiologically, tick-borne encephalitis is endemic in Europe whereas louping ill's predominant geographical distribution is the UK. Rarely, these flaviviruses affect dogs causing neurological signs. This case series aimed to describe the clinical, clinicopathological, and imaging findings, as well as the outcomes in six dogs with meningoencephalitis and/or meningomyelitis caused by a flavivirus in the UK in 2021.

Materials and Methods
Observational retrospective case-series study. Clinical data were retrieved from medical records of dogs with positive serological or immunohistochemical results from three different institutions from spring to winter 2021.

Results
Six dogs were included in the study. All dogs presented an initial phase of pyrexia and/or lethargy followed by progressive signs of spinal cord and/or intracranial disease. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral and symmetrical lesions affecting the grey matter of the thalamus, pons, medulla oblongata, and thoracic or lumbar intumescences with none or mild parenchymal and meningeal contrast enhancement. Serology for tick-borne encephalitis virus was positive in five dogs with the presence of seroconversion in two dogs. The viral distinction between flaviviruses was not achieved. One dog with negative serology presented positive immunohistochemistry at post-mortem examination. Three dogs survived but presented neurological sequelae. Three dogs were euthanased due to the rapid progression of the clinical signs or static neurological signs.

Clinical Significance
These cases raise awareness of the presence of tick-borne encephalitis as an emergent disease or the increased prevalence of louping ill virus affecting dogs in the UK.

Citation

Gonzalo‐Nadal, V., Kohl, A., Rocchi, M., Brennan, B., Hughes, J., Nichols, J., …Gutierrez‐Quintana, R. (2024). Suspected tick‐borne flavivirus meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs from the UK: six cases (2021). Journal of Small Animal Practice, 65(2), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13682

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jan 10, 2023
• Online Publication Date: Nov 13, 2023
• Publication Date: 2024-02
• Deposit Date: Feb 15, 2024
• Journal: Journal of Small Animal Practice
• Print ISSN: 0022-4510
• Electronic ISSN: 1748-5827
• Publisher: Wiley
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 65
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 132-143
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13682
• Keywords: Small Animals
• Publisher URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsap.13682
• Additional Information: Received: 2023-02-20; Accepted: 2023-10-01; Published: 2023-11-13