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Advanced Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Recent Progress and Future Directions

Hafezi, Mahshid; Nouri Khorasani, Saied; Zare, Mohadeseh; Esmaeely Neisiany, Rasoul; Davoodi, Pooya

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Authors

Mahshid Hafezi

Saied Nouri Khorasani

Mohadeseh Zare

Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany



Abstract

Cartilage is a tension- and load-bearing tissue and has a limited capacity for intrinsic self-healing. While microfracture and arthroplasty are the conventional methods for cartilage repair, these methods are unable to completely heal the damaged tissue. The need to overcome the restrictions of these therapies for cartilage regeneration has expanded the field of cartilage tissue engineering (CTE), in which novel engineering and biological approaches are introduced to accelerate the development of new biomimetic cartilage to replace the injured tissue. Until now, a wide range of hydrogels and cell sources have been employed for CTE to either recapitulate microenvironmental cues during a new tissue growth or to compel the recovery of cartilaginous structures via manipulating biochemical and biomechanical properties of the original tissue. Towards modifying current cartilage treatments, advanced hydrogels have been designed and synthesized in recent years to improve network crosslinking and self-recovery of implanted scaffolds after damage in vivo. This review focused on the recent advances in CTE, especially self-healing hydrogels. The article firstly presents the cartilage tissue, its defects, and treatments. Subsequently, introduces CTE and summarizes the polymeric hydrogels and their advances. Furthermore, characterizations, the advantages, and disadvantages of advanced hydrogels such as multi-materials, IPNs, nanomaterials, and supramolecular are discussed. Afterward, the self-healing hydrogels in CTE, mechanisms, and the physical and chemical methods for the synthesis of such hydrogels for improving the reformation of CTE are introduced. The article then briefly describes the fabrication methods in CTE. Finally, this review presents a conclusion of prevalent challenges and future outlooks for self-healing hydrogels in CTE applications.

Citation

Hafezi, M., Nouri Khorasani, S., Zare, M., Esmaeely Neisiany, R., & Davoodi, P. (2021). Advanced Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Recent Progress and Future Directions. Polymers, 13(23), Article 4199. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13234199

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Nov 24, 2021
Publication Date Nov 30, 2021
Journal Polymers
Publisher MDPI
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 13
Issue 23
Article Number 4199
DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13234199
Keywords polymeric hydrogels; self-healing; articular cartilage; tissue engineering
Publisher URL https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/23/4199

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