Classification of Chandra X-Ray Sources in Cygnus OB2

Kashyap, Vinay L.; Guarcello, Mario G.; Wright, Nicholas J.; Drake, Jeremy J.; Flaccomio, Ettore; Aldcroft, Tom L.; Albacete Colombo, Juan F.; Briggs, Kevin; Damiani, Francesco; Drew, Janet E.; Martin, Eduardo L.; Micela, Giusi; Naylor, Tim; Sciortino, Salvatore

Abstract

We have devised a predominantly Naive Bayes−based method to classify X-ray sources detected by Chandra in the Cygnus OB2 association into members, foreground objects, and background objects. We employ a variety of X-ray, optical, and infrared characteristics to construct likelihoods using training sets defined by well-measured sources. Combinations of optical photometry from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (riz) and Isaac Newton Telescope Photometric Hα Survey (r I i I Hα), infrared magnitudes from United Kingdom Infrared Telescope Deep Sky Survey and Two-Micron All Sky Survey (JHK), X-ray quantiles and hardness ratios, and estimates of extinction A v are used to compute the relative probabilities that a given source belongs to one of the classes. Principal component analysis is used to isolate the best axes for separating the classes for the photometric data, and Gaussian component separation is used for X-ray hardness and extinction. Errors in the measurements are accounted for by modeling as Gaussians and integrating over likelihoods approximated as quartic polynomials. We evaluate the accuracy of the classification by inspection and reclassify a number of sources based on infrared magnitudes, the presence of disks, and spectral hardness induced by flaring. We also consider systematic errors due to extinction. Of the 7924 X-ray detections, 5501 have a total of 5597 optical/infrared matches, including 78 with multiple counterparts. We find that ≈6100 objects are likely association members, ≈1400 are background objects, and ≈500 are foreground objects, with an accuracy of 96%, 93%, and 80%, respectively, with an overall classification accuracy of approximately 95%.

Citation

Kashyap, V. L., Guarcello, M. G., Wright, N. J., Drake, J. J., Flaccomio, E., Aldcroft, T. L., …Sciortino, S. (2023). Classification of Chandra X-Ray Sources in Cygnus OB2. Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 269(1), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acdd68

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jun 1, 2022
• Online Publication Date: Oct 25, 2023
• Publication Date: Nov 1, 2023
• Deposit Date: Oct 30, 2023
• Journal: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
• Print ISSN: 0067-0049
• Publisher: American Astronomical Society
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 269
• Issue: 1
• Article Number: 10
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acdd68
• Keywords: Catalogs, Star forming regions, Bayesian statistics, X-ray stars, Standard stars, Open star clusters, Astrostatistics techniques, Astrostatistics, OB associations