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Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Naghavi, Mohsen; Ong, Kanyin Liane; Aali, Amirali; Ababneh, Hazim S; Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh; Abbasian, Mohammadreza; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd ElHafeez, Samar; Abdelmasseh, Michael; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief; Abdelwahab, Ahmed; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin; Abdoun, Meriem; Abdulah, Deldar Morad; Abdullahi, Auwal; Abebe, Mesfin; Abebe, Samrawit Shawel; Abedi, Aidin; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abhilash, E S; Abidi, Hassan; Abiodun, Olumide; Aboagye, Richard Gyan; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abolmaali, Meysam; Abouzid, Mohamed; Aboye, Girma Beressa; Abreu, Lucas Guimarães; Abrha, Woldu Aberhe; Abtahi, Dariush; Abu Rumeileh, Samir; Abualruz, Hasan; Abubakar, Bilyaminu; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME; Aburuz, Salahdein; Abu-Zaid, Ahmed; Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou; Adal, Tadele Girum; Adamu, Abdu A; Addo, Isaac Yeboah; Addolorato, Giovanni; Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adepo...

Authors

Mohsen Naghavi

Kanyin Liane Ong

Amirali Aali

Hazim S Ababneh

Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate

Cristiana Abbafati

Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh

Mohammadreza Abbasian

Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari

Hedayat Abbastabar

Samar Abd ElHafeez

Michael Abdelmasseh

Sherief Abd-Elsalam

Ahmed Abdelwahab

Mohammad Abdollahi

Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar

Meriem Abdoun

Deldar Morad Abdulah

Auwal Abdullahi

Mesfin Abebe

Samrawit Shawel Abebe

Aidin Abedi

Kedir Hussein Abegaz

E S Abhilash

Hassan Abidi

Olumide Abiodun

Richard Gyan Aboagye

Hassan Abolhassani

Meysam Abolmaali

Mohamed Abouzid

Girma Beressa Aboye

Lucas Guimarães Abreu

Woldu Aberhe Abrha

Dariush Abtahi

Samir Abu Rumeileh

Hasan Abualruz

Bilyaminu Abubakar

Eman Abu-Gharbieh

Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh

Salahdein Aburuz

Ahmed Abu-Zaid

Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi

Tadele Girum Adal

Abdu A Adamu

Isaac Yeboah Addo

Giovanni Addolorato

Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi

Victor Adekanmbi

Abiola Victor Adepoju

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji

Juliana Bunmi Adetunji

Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa

Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka

Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye

Biruk Adie Adie Admass

Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani

Saryia Adra

Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi

Muhammad Sohail Afzal

Saira Afzal

Suneth Buddhika Agampodi

Pradyumna Agasthi

Manik Aggarwal

Shahin Aghamiri

Feleke Doyore Agide

Antonella Agodi

Anurag Agrawal

Williams Agyemang-Duah

Bright Opoku Ahinkorah

Aqeel Ahmad

Danish Ahmad

Firdos Ahmad

Muayyad M Ahmad

Sajjad Ahmad

Shahzaib Ahmad

Tauseef Ahmad

Keivan Ahmadi

Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade

Ali Ahmed

Ayman Ahmed

Haroon Ahmed

Luai A Ahmed

Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed

Meqdad Saleh Ahmed

Muktar Beshir Ahmed

Syed Anees Ahmed

Marjan Ajami

Budi Aji

Essona Matatom Akara

Hossein Akbarialiabad

Karolina Akinosoglou

Tomi Akinyemiju

Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif

Samuel Akyirem

Hanadi Al Hamad

Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan

Fares Alahdab

Samer O Alalalmeh

Tariq A Alalwan

Ziyad Al-Aly

Khurshid Alam

Manjurul Alam

Noore Alam

Rasmieh Mustafa Al-amer

Fahad Mashhour Alanezi

Turki M Alanzi

Sayer Al-Azzam

Almaza Albakri

Mohammed Albashtawy

Mohammad T AlBataineh

Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal

Khalifah A Aldawsari

Wafa A Aldhaleei

Robert W Aldridge

Haileselasie Berhane Alema

Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu

Sharifullah Alemi

Yihun Mulugeta Alemu

Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi

Khalid F Alhabib

Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa

Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi

Abid Ali

Amjad Ali

Liaqat Ali

Mohammed Usman Ali

Rafat Ali

Shahid Ali

Syed Shujait Shujait Ali

Gianfranco Alicandro

Sheikh Mohammad Alif

Reyhaneh Alikhani

Yousef Alimohamadi

Ahmednur Adem Aliyi

Mohammad A M Aljasir

Syed Mohamed Aljunid

François Alla

Peter Allebeck

Sabah Al-Marwani

Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri

Joseph Uy Almazan

Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi

Louay Almidani

Omar Almidani

Mahmoud A Alomari

Basem Al-Omari

Jordi Alonso

Jaber S Alqahtani

Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi

Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi

Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah

Zaid Altaany

Awais Altaf

Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq

Khalid A Altirkawi

Deborah Oyine Aluh

Nelson Alvis-Guzman

Hassan Alwafi

Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi

Hany Aly

Safwat Aly

Karem H Alzoubi

Reza Amani

Azmeraw T Amare

Prince M Amegbor

Edward Kwabena Ameyaw

Tarek Tawfik Amin

Alireza Amindarolzarbi

Sohrab Amiri

Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq

Hubert Amu

Dickson A Amugsi

Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa

Robert Ancuceanu

Deanna Anderlini

David B Anderson

Pedro Prata Andrade

Catalina Liliana Andrei

Tudorel Andrei

Colin Angus

Abhishek Anil

Sneha Anil

Amir Anoushiravani

Hossein Ansari

Ansariadi Ansariadi

Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam

Catherine M Antony

Ernoiz Antriyandarti

Davood Anvari

Saeid Anvari

Saleha Anwar

Sumadi Lukman Anwar

Razique Anwer

Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor

Muhammad Aqeel

Juan Pablo Arab

Jalal Arabloo

Mosab Arafat

Aleksandr Y Aravkin

Demelash Areda

Abdulfatai Aremu

Olatunde Aremu

Hany Ariffin

Mesay Arkew

Benedetta Armocida

Michael Benjamin Arndt

Johan Ärnlöv

Mahwish Arooj

Anton A Artamonov

Judie Arulappan

Raphael Taiwo Aruleba

Ashokan Arumugam

Malke Asaad

Mohsen Asadi-Lari

Akeza Awealom Asgedom

Mona Asghariahmadabad

Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi

Muhammad Ashraf

Armin Aslani

Thomas Astell-Burt

Mohammad Athar

Seyyed Shamsadin Athari

Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atinafu

Habtamu Wondmagegn Atlaw

Prince Atorkey

Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout

Alok Atreya

Avinash Aujayeb

Marcel Ausloos

Abolfazl Avan

Atalel Fentahun Awedew

Amlaku Mulat Aweke

Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla

Haleh Ayatollahi

Jose L Ayuso-Mateos

Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh

Sina Azadnajafabad

Rui M S Azevedo

Ahmed Y Azzam

Darshan B B

Abraham Samuel Babu

Muhammad Badar

Ashish D Badiye

Soroush Baghdadi

Nasser Bagheri

Sara Bagherieh

Sulaiman Bah

Saeed Bahadorikhalili

Najmeh Bahmanziari

Ruhai Bai

Atif Amin Baig

Jennifer L Baker

Abdulaziz T Bako

Ravleen Kaur Bakshi

Senthilkumar Balakrishnan

Madhan Balasubramanian

Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu

Kiran Bam

Maciej Banach

Soham Bandyopadhyay

Palash Chandra Banik

Hansi Bansal

Kannu Bansal

Franca Barbic

Martina Barchitta

Mainak Bardhan

Erfan Bardideh

Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo

Till Winfried Bärnighausen

Francesco Barone-Adesi

Hiba Jawdat Barqawi

Lope H Barrero

Amadou Barrow

Sandra Barteit

Lingkan Barua

Zarrin Basharat

Azadeh Bashiri

Afisu Basiru

Pritish Baskaran

Buddha Basnyat

Quique Bassat

João Diogo Basso

Ann V L Basting

Sanjay Basu

Kavita Batra

Bernhard T Baune

Mohsen Bayati

Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn

Thomas Beaney

Neeraj Bedi

Massimiliano Beghi

Emad Behboudi

Priyamadhaba Behera

Amir Hossein Behnoush

Masoud Behzadifar

Maryam Beiranvand

Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez

Yannick Béjot

Sefealem Assefa Belay

Chalie Mulu Belete

Michelle L Bell

Muhammad Bashir Bello

Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello

Luis Belo

Apostolos Beloukas

Rose Grace Bender

Isabela M Bensenor

Azizullah Beran

Zombor Berezvai

Alemshet Yirga Berhie

Betyna N Berice

Robert S Bernstein

Gregory J Bertolacci

Paulo J G Bettencourt

Kebede A Beyene

Devidas S Bhagat

Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula

Neeraj Bhala

Ashish Bhalla

Dinesh Bhandari

Kayleigh Bhangdia

Nikha Bhardwaj

Pankaj Bhardwaj

Prarthna V Bhardwaj

Ashish Bhargava

Sonu Bhaskar

Vivek Bhat

Gurjit Kaur Bhatti

Jasvinder Singh Bhatti

Manpreet S Bhatti

Rajbir Bhatti

Zulfiqar A Bhutta

Boris Bikbov

Jessica Devin Bishai

Catherine Bisignano

Francesca Bisulli

Atanu Biswas

Bijit Biswas

Saeid Bitaraf

Bikes Destaw Bitew

Veera R Bitra

Tone Bjørge

Micheal Kofi Boachie

Mary Sefa Boampong

Anca Vasilica Bobirca

Virginia Bodolica

Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin

Eyob Ketema Bogale

Kassawmar Angaw Bogale

Somayeh Bohlouli

Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa

Archith Boloor

Milad Bonakdar Hashemi

Aime Bonny

Kaustubh Bora

Berrak Bora Basara

Hamed Borhany

Arturo Borzutzky

Souad Bouaoud

Antoine Boustany

Christopher Boxe

Edward J Boyko

Oliver J Brady

Dejana Braithwaite

Luisa C Brant

Michael Brauer

Alexandra Brazinova

Javier Brazo-Sayavera

Nicholas J K Breitborde

Susanne Breitner

Hermann Brenner

Andrey Nikolaevich Briko

Nikolay Ivanovich Briko

Gabrielle Britton

Julie Brown

Traolach Brugha

Norma B Bulamu

Lemma N Bulto

Danilo Buonsenso

Richard A Burns

Reinhard Busse

Yasser Bustanji

Nadeem Shafique Butt

Zahid A Butt

Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos

Daniela Calina

Luis Alberto Cámera

Luciana Aparecida Campos

Ismael R Campos-Nonato

Chao Cao

Yin Cao

Angelo Capodici

Rosario Cárdenas

Sinclair Carr

Giulia Carreras

Juan J Carrero

Andrea Carugno

Cristina G Carvalheiro

Felix Carvalho

Márcia Carvalho

Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia

Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela

Giulio Castelpietra

Ferrán Catalá-López

Alberico L Catapano

Maria Sofia Cattaruzza

Christopher R Cederroth

Luca Cegolon

Francieli Cembranel

Muthia Cenderadewi

Kelly M Cercy

Ester Cerin

Muge Cevik

Joshua Chadwick

Yaacoub Chahine

Chiranjib Chakraborty

Promit Ananyo Chakraborty

Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan

Raymond N C Chan

Rama Mohan Chandika

Eeshwar K Chandrasekar

Chin-Kuo Chang

Jung-Chen Chang

Gashaw Sisay Chanie

Periklis Charalampous

Vijay Kumar Chattu

Pankaj Chaturvedi

Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou

Akhilanand Chaurasia

Angela W Chen

An-Tian Chen

Catherine S Chen

Haowei Chen

Meng Xuan Chen

Simiao Chen

Ching-Yu Cheng

Esther T W Cheng

Nicolas Cherbuin

Wondimye Ashenafi Cheru

Ju-Huei Chien

Odgerel Chimed-Ochir

Ritesh Chimoriya

Patrick R Ching

Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres

Abdulaal Chitheer

William C S Cho

Bryan Chong

Hitesh Chopra

Sonali Gajanan Choudhari

Rajiv Chowdhury

Devasahayam J Christopher

Isaac Sunday Chukwu

Eric Chung

Erin Chung

Eunice Chung

Sheng-Chia Chung

Muhammad Chutiyami

Zinhle Cindi

Iolanda Cioffi

Mareli M Claassens

Rafael M Claro

Kaleb Coberly

Rebecca M Cogen

Alyssa Columbus

Haley Comfort

Joao Conde

Samuele Cortese

Paolo Angelo Cortesi

Vera Marisa Costa

Simona Costanzo

Ewerton Cousin

Rosa A S Couto

Richard G Cowden

Kenneth Michael Cramer

Michael H Criqui

Natália Cruz-Martins

Silvia Magali Cuadra-Hernández

Garland T Culbreth

Patricia Cullen

Matthew Cunningham

Maria paula Curado

Sriharsha Dadana

Omid Dadras

Siyu Dai

Xiaochen Dai

Zhaoli Dai

Lachlan L Dalli

Giovanni Damiani

Jiregna Darega Gela

Jai K Das

Saswati Das

Subasish Das

Ana Maria Dascalu

Nihar Ranjan Dash

Mohsen Dashti

Anna Dastiridou

Gail Davey

Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes

Nicole Davis Weaver

Kairat Davletov

Diego De Leo

Katie de Luca

Aklilu Tamire Debele

Shayom Debopadhaya

Louisa Degenhardt

Azizallah Dehghan

Lee Deitesfeld

Cristian Del Bo'

Ivan Delgado-Enciso

Berecha Hundessa Demessa

Andreas K Demetriades

Ke Deng

Xinlei Deng

Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez

Niloofar Deravi

Nebiyu Dereje

Nikolaos Dervenis

Emina Dervišević

Don C Des Jarlais

Hardik Dineshbhai Desai

Rupak Desai

Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu

Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan

Arkadeep Dhali

Kuldeep Dhama

Meghnath Dhimal

Sameer Dhingra

Vishal R Dhulipala

Diana Dias da Silva

Daniel Diaz

Michael J Diaz

Adriana Dima

Delaney D Ding

Huanghe Ding

Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira

M Ashworth Dirac

Shirin Djalalinia

Thao Huynh Phuong Do

Camila Bruneli do Prado

Saeid Doaei

Masoud Dodangeh

Milad Dodangeh

Sushil Dohare

Klara Georgieva Dokova

Christiane Dolecek

Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez

Wanyue Dong

Deepa Dongarwar

Mario D'Oria

Fariba Dorostkar

E Ray Dorsey

Wendel Mombaque dos Santos

Rajkumar Doshi

Leila Doshmangir

Robert Kokou Dowou

Tim Robert Driscoll

Haneil Larson Dsouza

Viola Dsouza

Mi Du

John Dube

Bruce B Duncan

Andre Rodrigues Duraes

Senbagam Duraisamy

Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye

Laura Dwyer-Lindgren

Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach

Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic

Abdel Rahman E'mar

Ejemai Eboreime

Alireza Ebrahimi

Chidiebere Peter Echieh

Hisham Atan Edinur

David Edvardsson

Kristina Edvardsson

Defi Efendi

Ferry Efendi

Diyan Ermawan Effendi

Terje Andreas Eikemo

Ebrahim Eini

Michael Ekholuenetale

Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo

Iman El Sayed

Iffat Elbarazi

Teshome Bekele Elema

Noha Mousaad Elemam

Frank J Elgar

Islam Y Elgendy

Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary

Hala Rashad Elhabashy

Muhammed Elhadi

Waseem El-Huneidi

Legesse Tesfaye Elilo

Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy

Mohamed A Elmonem

Mohammed Elshaer

Ibrahim Elsohaby

Theophilus I Emeto

Luchuo Engelbert Bain

Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar

Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor

Babak Eshrati

Sharareh Eskandarieh

Juan Espinosa-Montero

Habtamu Esubalew

Farshid Etaee

Natalia Fabin

Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka

Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe

Ayesha Fahim

Saman Fahimi

Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh

Luca Falzone

Mohammad Fareed

Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha

MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris

Pawan Sirwan Faris

Andre Faro

Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi

Ali Fatehizadeh

Hamed Fattahi

Nelsensius Klau Fauk

Pooria Fazeli

Valery L Feigin

Alireza Feizkhah

Ginenus Fekadu

Xiaoru Feng

Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad

Abdullah Hamid Feroze

Daniela Ferrante

Alize J Ferrari

Nuno Ferreira

Getahun Fetensa

Bikila Regassa Feyisa

Irina Filip

Florian Fischer

Joanne Flavel

David Flood

Bobirca Teodor Florin

Nataliya A Foigt

Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan

Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov

Behzad Foroutan

Masoud Foroutan

Ingeborg Forthun

Daniela Fortuna

Matteo Foschi

Kayode Raphael Fowobaje

Kate Louise Francis

Richard Charles Franklin

Alberto Freitas

Joseph Friedman

Sara D Friedman

Takeshi Fukumoto

John E Fuller

Blima Fux

Peter Andras Gaal

Muktar A Gadanya

Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane

Santosh Gaihre

Emmanuela Gakidou

Yaseen Galali

Natalie C Galles

Silvano Gallus

Mandukhai Ganbat

Aravind P Gandhi

Balasankar Ganesan

Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani

MA Garcia-Gordillo

William M Gardner

Jalaj Garg

Naval Garg

Rupesh K Gautam

Semiu Olatunde Gbadamosi

Tilaye Gebru Gebi

Miglas W Gebregergis

Mesfin Gebrehiwot

Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel

Simona Roxana Georgescu

Tamirat Getachew

Peter W Gething

Molla Getie

Keyghobad Ghadiri

Sulmaz Ghahramani

Khalid Yaser Ghailan

Mohammad-Reza Ghasemi

Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi

Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh

Ahmad Ghashghaee

Fariba Ghassemi

Ramy Mohamed Ghazy

Ajnish Ghimire

Sama Ghoba

Maryam Gholamalizadeh

Asadollah Gholamian

Ali Gholamrezanezhad

Nasim Gholizadeh

Mahsa Ghorbani

Pooyan Ghorbani Vajargah

Aloke Gopal Ghoshal

Paramjit Singh Gill

Tiffany K Gill

Richard F Gillum

Themba G Ginindza

Alem Girmay

James C Glasbey

Elena V Gnedovskaya

Laszlo Göbölös

Myron Anthony Godinho

Amit Goel

Ali Golchin

Mohamad Goldust

Mahaveer Golechha

Pouya Goleij

Nelson G M Gomes

Philimon N Gona

Sameer Vali Gopalani

Giuseppe Gorini

Houman Goudarzi

Alessandra C Goulart

Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart

Anmol Goyal

Ayman Grada

Simon Matthew Graham

Michal Grivna

Giuseppe Grosso

Shi-Yang Guan

Giovanni Guarducci

Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari

Mesay Dechasa Gudeta

Avirup Guha

Stefano Guicciardi

Rafael Alves Guimarães

Snigdha Gulati

Damitha Asanga Gunawardane

Sasidhar Gunturu

Cui Guo

Anish Kumar Gupta

Bhawna Gupta

Manoj Kumar Gupta

Mohak Gupta

Rajat Das Gupta

Rajeev Gupta

Sapna Gupta

Veer Bala Gupta

Vijai Kumar Gupta

Vivek Kumar Gupta

Lami Gurmessa

Reyna Alma Gutiérrez

Farrokh Habibzadeh

Parham Habibzadeh

Rasool Haddadi

Mostafa Hadei

Najah R Hadi

Nils Haep

Nima Hafezi-Nejad

Alemayehu Hailu

Arvin Haj-Mirzaian

Esam S Halboub

Brian J Hall

Sebastian Haller

Rabih Halwani

Randah R Hamadeh

Sajid Hameed

Samer Hamidi

Erin B Hamilton

Chieh Han

Qiuxia Han

Asif Hanif

Nasrin Hanifi

Graeme J Hankey

Fahad Hanna

Md Abdul Hannan

Md Nuruzzaman Haque

Harapan Harapan

Arief Hargono

Josep Maria Haro

Ahmed I Hasaballah

Ikramul Hasan

M Tasdik Hasan

Hamidreza Hasani

Mohammad Hasanian

Abdiwahab Hashi

Md Saquib Hasnain

Ikrama Hassan

Soheil Hassanipour

Hadi Hassankhani

Johannes Haubold

Rasmus J Havmoeller

Simon I Hay

Jiawei He

Jeffrey J Hebert

Omar E Hegazi

Golnaz Heidari

Mohammad Heidari

Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan

Bartosz Helfer

Delia Hendrie

Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna

Claudiu Herteliu

Hamed Hesami

Kamal Hezam

Catherine L Hill

Yuta Hiraike

Ramesh Holla

Nobuyuki Horita

Md Mahbub Hossain

Sahadat Hossain

Mohammad-Salar Hosseini

Hassan Hosseinzadeh

Mehdi Hosseinzadeh

Ahmad Hosseinzadeh Adli

Mihaela Hostiuc

Sorin Hostiuc

Mohamed Hsairi

Vivian Chia-rong Hsieh

Rebecca L Hsu

Chengxi Hu

Junjie Huang

Michael Hultström

Ayesha Humayun

Tsegaye Gebreyes Hundie

Javid Hussain

M Azhar Hussain

Nawfal R Hussein

Foziya Mohammed Hussien

Hong-Han Huynh

Bing-Fang Hwang

Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye

Khalid S Ibrahim

Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar

Desta Ijo

Adalia I Ikiroma

Kevin S Ikuta

Paul Chukwudi Ikwegbue

Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi

Irena M Ilic

Milena D Ilic

Mohammad Tarique Imam

Mustapha Immurana

Sumant Inamdar

Endang Indriasih

Muhammad Iqhrammullah

Arnaud Iradukunda

Kenneth Chukwuemeka Iregbu

Md Rabiul Islam

Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam

Farhad Islami

Faisal Ismail

Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail

Hiroyasu Iso

Gaetano Isola

Masao Iwagami

Chidozie C D Iwu

Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu

Mahalaxmi Iyer

Linda Merin J

Jalil Jaafari

Louis Jacob

Kathryn H Jacobsen

Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh

Morteza Jafarinia

Abdollah Jafarzadeh

Khushleen Jaggi

Kasra Jahankhani

Nader Jahanmehr

Haitham Jahrami

Nityanand Jain

Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun

Abhishek Jaiswal

Elham Jamshidi

Mark M Janko

Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau

Sabzali Javadov

Tahereh Javaheri

Sathish Kumar Jayapal

Shubha Jayaram

Rime Jebai

Sun Ha Jee

Jayakumar Jeganathan

Anil K Jha

Ravi Prakash Jha

Heng Jiang

Yingzhao Jin

Olatunji Johnson

Mohammad Jokar

Jost B Jonas

Tamas Joo

Abel Joseph

Nitin Joseph

Charity Ehimwenma Joshua

Grace Joshy

Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak

Mikk Jürisson

Vaishali K

Billingsley Kaambwa

Ali Kabir

Zubair Kabir

Vidya Kadashetti

Dler Hussein Kadir

Rizwan Kalani

Laleh R Kalankesh

Leila R Kalankesh

Feroze Kaliyadan

Sanjay Kalra

Vineet Kumar Kamal

Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah

Rajesh Kamath

Zahra Kamiab

Naser Kamyari

Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai

Tanuj Kanchan

Himal Kandel

Arun R Kanmanthareddy

Edmund Wedam Kanmiki

Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi

Suthanthira Kannan S

Sushil Kumar Kansal

Rami S Kantar

Neeti Kapoor

Mehrdad Karajizadeh

Shama D Karanth

Reema A Karasneh

Ibraheem M Karaye

André Karch

Asima Karim

Salah Eddin Karimi

Arman Karimi Behnagh

Faizan Zaffar Kashoo

Qalandar Hussein Abdulkarim Kasnazani

Hengameh Kasraei

Nicholas J Kassebaum

Molly B Kassel

Joonas H Kauppila

Navjot Kaur

Norito Kawakami

Gbenga A Kayode

Foad Kazemi

Sina Kazemian

Tahseen Haider Kazmi

Getu Mosisa Kebebew

Adera Debella Kebede

Fassikaw Kebede

Tibebeselassie S Keflie

Peter Njenga Keiyoro

Cathleen Keller

Jaimon Terence Kelly

John H Kempen

Jessica A Kerr

Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot

Himanshu Khajuria

Amirmohammad Khalaji

Nauman Khalid

Anees Ahmed Khalil

Alireza Khalilian

Faham Khamesipour

Ajmal Khan

Asaduzzaman Khan

Gulfaraz Khan

Ikramullah Khan

Imteyaz A Khan

M Nuruzzaman Khan

Maseer Khan

Mohammad Jobair Khan

Moien AB Khan

Zeeshan Ali Khan

Mahammed Ziauddin Khan suheb

Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi

Khaled Khatab

Fatemeh Khatami

Haitham Khatatbeh

Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh

Armin Khavandegar

Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani

Feriha Fatima Khidri

Elaheh Khodadoust

Mohammad Khorgamphar

Moein Khormali

Zahra Khorrami

Ahmad Khosravi

Mohammad Ali Khosravi

Zemene Demelash Kifle

Grace Kim

Jihee Kim

Kwanghyun Kim

Min Seo Kim

Yun Jin Kim

Ruth W Kimokoti

Kasey E Kinzel

Adnan Kisa

Sezer Kisa

Desmond Klu

Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen

Jonathan M Kocarnik

Sonali Kochhar

Timea Kocsis

David S Q Koh

Ali-Asghar Kolahi

Kairi Kolves

Farzad Kompani

Gerbrand Koren

Soewarta Kosen

Karel Kostev

Parvaiz A Koul

Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana

Kewal Krishan

Hare Krishna

Varun Krishna

Vijay Krishnamoorthy

Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy

Kris J Krohn

Barthelemy Kuate Defo

Burcu Kucuk Bicer

Md Abdul Kuddus

Mohammed Kuddus

Ilari Kuitunen

Mukhtar Kulimbet

Vishnutheertha Kulkarni

Akshay Kumar

Ashish Kumar

Harish Kumar

Manasi Kumar

Rakesh Kumar

Madhulata Kumari

Fantahun Tarekegn Kumie

Satyajit Kundu

Om P Kurmi

Asep Kusnali

Dian Kusuma

Alexander Kwarteng

Ilias Kyriopoulos

Hmwe Hmwe Kyu

Carlo La Vecchia

Ben Lacey

Muhammad Awwal Ladan

Lucie Laflamme

Abraham K Lagat

Anton C J Lager

Abdelilah Lahmar

Daphne Teck Ching Lai

Dharmesh Kumar Lal

Ratilal Lalloo

Tea Lallukka

Hilton Lam

Judit Lám

Kelsey R Landrum

Francesco Lanfranchi

Justin J Lang

Berthold Langguth

Van Charles Lansingh

Ariane Laplante-Lévesque

Bagher Larijani

Anders O Larsson

Savita Lasrado

Zohra S Lassi

Kamaluddin Latief

Kaveh Latifinaibin

Paolo Lauriola

Nhi Huu Hanh Le

Thao Thi Thu Le

Trang Diep Thanh Le

Caterina Ledda

Jorge R Ledesma

Munjae Lee

Paul H Lee

Seung Won Lee

Shaun Wen Huey Lee

Wei-Chen Lee

Yo Han Lee

Kate E LeGrand

James Leigh

Elvynna Leong

Temesgen L Lerango

Ming-Chieh Li

Wei Li

Xiaopan Li

Yichong Li

Zhihui Li

Virendra S Ligade

Andrew Tiyamike Makhiringa Likaka

Lee-Ling Lim

Stephen S Lim

Megan Lindstrom

Christine Linehan

Chaojie Liu

Gang Liu

Jue Liu

Runben Liu

Shiwei Liu

Xiaofeng Liu

Xuefeng Liu

Erand Llanaj

Michael J Loftus

Rubén López-Bueno

Platon D Lopukhov

Arianna Maever Loreche

Stefan Lorkowski

Paulo A Lotufo

Rafael Lozano

Jailos Lubinda

Giancarlo Lucchetti

Alessandra Lugo

Raimundas Lunevicius

Zheng Feei Ma

Kelsey Lynn Maass

Nikolaos Machairas

Monika Machoy

Farzan Madadizadeh

Christian Madsen

Áurea M Madureira-Carvalho

Azzam A Maghazachi

Sandeep B Maharaj

Soleiman Mahjoub

Mansour Adam Mahmoud

Alireza Mahmoudi

Elham Mahmoudi

Razzagh Mahmoudi

Azeem Majeed

Irsa Fatima Makhdoom

Elaheh Malakan Rad

Venkatesh Maled

Reza Malekzadeh

Armaan K Malhotra

Kashish Malhotra

Ahmad Azam Malik

Iram Malik

Deborah Carvalho Malta

Abdullah A Mamun

Pejman Mansouri

Mohammad Ali Mansournia

Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani

Sajid Maqsood

Bishnu P Marasini

Hamid Reza Marateb

Joemer C Maravilla

Agustina M Marconi

Parham Mardi

Mirko Marino

Abdoljalal Marjani

Gabriel Martinez

Bernardo Alfonso Martinez-Guerra

Ramon Martinez-Piedra

Daniela Martini

Santi Martini

Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo

Miquel Martorell

Wolfgang Marx

Sharmeen Maryam

Roy Rillera Marzo

Anthony Masaka

Awoke Masrie

Stephanie Mathieson

Alexander G Mathioudakis

Manu Raj Mathur

Jishanth Mattumpuram

Richard Matzopoulos

Richard James Maude

Andrea Maugeri

Pallab K Maulik

Mahsa Mayeli

Maryam Mazaheri

Mohsen Mazidi

John J McGrath

Martin McKee

Anna Laura W McKowen

Susan A McLaughlin

Steven M McPhail

Enkeleint A Mechili

John Robert Carabeo Medina

Rishi P Mediratta

Jitendra Kumar Meena

Rahul Mehra

Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad

Entezar Mehrabi Nasab

Tesfahun Mekene Meto

Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles

Max Alberto Mendez Mendez-Lopez

Walter Mendoza

Ritesh G Menezes

Belayneh Mengist

Alexios-Fotios A Mentis

Sultan Ayoub Meo

Haftu Asmerom Meresa

Atte Meretoja

Tuomo J Meretoja

Abera M Mersha

Bezawit Afework Mesfin

Tomislav Mestrovic

Kukulege Chamila Dinushi Mettananda

Sachith Mettananda

Peter Meylakhs

Adquate Mhlanga

Laurette Mhlanga

Tianyue Mi

Tomasz Miazgowski

Georgia Micha

Irmina Maria Michalek

Ted R Miller

Edward J Mills

Le Huu Nhat Minh

GK Mini

Pouya Mir Mohammad Sadeghi

Andreea Mirica

Antonio Mirijello

Erkin M Mirrakhimov

Mizan Kiros Mirutse

Maryam Mirzaei

Awoke Misganaw

Ashim Mishra

Sanjeev Misra

Philip B Mitchell

Prasanna Mithra

Chaitanya Mittal

Mohammadreza Mobayen

Madeline E Moberg

Ashraf Mohamadkhani

Jama Mohamed

Mouhand F H Mohamed

Nouh Saad Mohamed

Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi

Soheil Mohammadi

Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani

Noushin Mohammadifard

Hassen Mohammed

Hussen Mohammed

Mustapha Mohammed

Salahuddin Mohammed

Shafiu Mohammed

Viswanathan Mohan

Hoda Mojiri-Forushani

Amin Mokari

Ali H Mokdad

Sabrina Molinaro

Mariam Molokhia

Sara Momtazmanesh

Lorenzo Monasta

Stefania Mondello

Mohammad Ali Moni

AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf

Maryam Moradi

Yousef Moradi

Maziar Moradi-Lakeh

Maliheh Moradzadeh

Paula Moraga

Lidia Morawska

Rafael Silveira Moreira

Negar Morovatdar

Shane Douglas Morrison

Jakub Morze

Jonathan F Mosser

Rohith Motappa

Vincent Mougin

Simin Mouodi

Parsa Mousavi

Seyed Ehsan Mousavi

Amin Mousavi Khaneghah

Emmanuel A Mpolya

Matías Mrejen

Sumaira Mubarik

Lorenzo Muccioli

Ulrich Otto Mueller

Sumoni Mukherjee

Francesk Mulita

Kavita Munjal

Efrén Murillo-Zamora

Fungai Musaigwa

Khaled M Musallam

Ahmad Mustafa

Ghulam Mustafa

Saravanan Muthupandian

Raman Muthusamy

Muhammad Muzaffar

Woojae Myung

Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan

Gabriele Nagel

Pirouz Naghavi

Aliya Naheed

Ganesh R Naik

Gurudatta Naik

Firzan Nainu

Sanjeev Nair

Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen

Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari

Vinay Nangia

Atta Abbas Naqvi

Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy

Aparna Ichalangod Narayana

Shumaila Nargus

Bruno Ramos Nascimento

Gustavo G Nascimento

Samar Nasehi

Abdulqadir J Nashwan

Zuhair S Natto

Javaid Nauman

Muhammad Naveed

Biswa Prakash Nayak

Vinod C Nayak

Athare Nazri-Panjaki

Rawlance Ndejjo

Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba

Hadush Negash

Ionut Negoi

Ruxandra Irina Negoi

Serban Mircea Negru

Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi

Chakib Nejjari

Evangelia Nena

Samata Nepal

Marie Ng

Haruna Asura Nggada

Georges Nguefack-Tsague

Josephine W Ngunjiri

Anh Hoang Nguyen

Dang H Nguyen

Hau Thi Hien Nguyen

Phat Tuan Nguyen

Van Thanh Nguyen

Robina Khan Niazi

Katie R Nielsen

Yeshambel T Nigatu

Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis

Ali Nikoobar

Fatemeh Nikoomanesh

Amin Reza Nikpoor

Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum

Chukwudi A Nnaji

Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi

Efaq Ali Noman

Shuhei Nomura

Mamoona Noreen

Nafise Noroozi

Bo Norrving

Jean Jacques Noubiap

Amanda Novotney

Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi

George Ntaios

Mpiko Ntsekhe

Virginia Nuñez-Samudio

Dieta Nurrika

Jerry John Nutor

Bogdan Oancea

Kehinde O Obamiro

Mary Aigbiremo Oboh

Ismail A Odetokun

Nkechi Martina Odogwu

Martin James O'Donnell

Michael Safo Oduro

Akinyemi O D Ofakunrin

Abiola Ogunkoya

Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade

In-Hwan Oh

Hassan Okati-Aliabad

Sylvester Reuben Okeke

Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle

Osaretin Christabel Okonji

Andrew T Olagunju

Muideen Tunbosun Olaiya

Matthew Idowu Olatubi

Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira

Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa

Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya

Jacob Olusegun Olusanya

Yinka Doris Oluwafemi

Hany A Omar

Ahmed Omar Bali

Goran Latif Omer

Maureene Auma Ondayo

Sokking Ong

Obinna E Onwujekwe

Kenneth Ikenna Onyedibe

Michal Ordak

Orish Ebere Orisakwe

Verner N Orish

Doris V Ortega-Altamirano

Alberto Ortiz

Wael M S Osman

Samuel M Ostroff

Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu

Adrian Otoiu

Nikita Otstavnov

Stanislav S Otstavnov

Amel Ouyahia

Guoqing Ouyang

Mayowa O Owolabi

Yaz Ozten

Mahesh Padukudru P A

Alicia Padron-Monedero

Jagadish Rao Padubidri

Pramod Kumar Pal

Tamás Palicz

Claudia Palladino

Raffaele Palladino

Raul Felipe Palma-Alvarez

Feng Pan

Hai-Feng Pan

Adrian Pana

Paramjot Panda

Songhomitra Panda-Jonas

Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal

Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan

Georgios D Panos

Leonidas D Panos

Ioannis Pantazopoulos

Anca Mihaela Pantea Stoian

Paraskevi Papadopoulou

Romil R Parikh

Seoyeon Park

Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi

Ava Pashaei

Maja Pasovic

Roberto Passera

Deepak Kumar Pasupula

Hemal M Patel

Jay Patel

Sangram Kishor Patel

Shankargouda Patil

Dimitrios Patoulias

Venkata Suresh Patthipati

Uttam Paudel

Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi

Spencer A Pease

Amy E Peden

Paolo Pedersini

Umberto Pensato

Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito

Emmanuel K Peprah

Prince Peprah

João Perdigão

Marcos Pereira

Mario F P Peres

Arokiasamy Perianayagam

Norberto Perico

Richard G Pestell

Konrad Pesudovs

Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha

William A Petri

Hoang Tran Pham

Anil K Philip

Michael R Phillips

Daniela Pierannunzio

Manon Pigeolet

David M Pigott

Thomas Pilgrim

Zahra Zahid Piracha

Michael A Piradov

Saeed Pirouzpanah

Nishad Plakkal

Evgenii Plotnikov

Vivek Podder

Dimitri Poddighe

Suzanne Polinder

Kevan R Polkinghorne

Ramesh Poluru

Ville T Ponkilainen

Fabio Porru

Maarten J Postma

Govinda Raj Poudel

Akram Pourshams

Naeimeh Pourtaheri

Sergio I Prada

Pranil Man Singh Pradhan

Thejeswar N Prakasham

Manya Prasad

Akila Prashant

Elton Junio Sady Prates

Daniel Prieto Alhambra

TINA PRISCILLA

Natalie Pritchett

Bharathi M Purohit

Jagadeesh Puvvula

Nameer Hashim Qasim

Ibrahim Qattea

Asma Saleem Qazi

Gangzhen Qian

Suli Qiu

Maryam Faiz Qureshi

Mehrdad Rabiee Rad

Amir Radfar

Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan

Venkatraman Radhakrishnan

Hadi Raeisi Shahraki

Quinn Rafferty

Alberto Raggi

Pankaja Raghav Raghav

Nasiru Raheem

Fakher Rahim

Md Jillur Rahim

Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar

Md Mosfequr Rahman

Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman

Mosiur Rahman

Muhammad Aziz Rahman

Amir Masoud Rahmani

Shayan Rahmani

Vahid Rahmanian

Sathish Rajaa

Prashant Rajput

Ivo Rakovac

Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy

Sheena Ramazanu

Kritika Rana

Chhabi Lal Ranabhat

Nemanja Rancic

Amey Rane

Chythra R Rao

Indu Ramachandra Rao

Mithun Rao

Sowmya J Rao

Drona Prakash Rasali

Davide Rasella

Sina Rashedi

Vahid Rashedi

Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi

Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani

Azad Rasul

Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu

Santosh Kumar Rauniyar

Ramin Ravangard

Nakul Ravikumar

David Laith Rawaf

Salman Rawaf

Lal Rawal

Reza Rawassizadeh

Bharat Rawlley

Rabail Zehra Raza

Christian Razo

Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan

Faizan Ur Rehman

Lennart Reifels

Robert C Reiner Jr

Giuseppe Remuzzi

Luis Felipe Reyes

Maryam Rezaei

Nazila Rezaei

Negar Rezaei

Mohsen Rezaeian

Taeho Gregory Rhee

Mavra A Riaz

Antonio Luiz P Ribeiro

Jennifer Rickard

Hannah R Riva

Hannah Elizabeth Robinson-Oden

Célia Fortuna Rodrigues

Mónica Rodrigues

Leonardo Roever

Emma Lynn Best Rogowski

Peter Rohloff

Debby Syahru Romadlon

Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez

Michele Romoli

Luca Ronfani

Gholamreza Roshandel

Gregory A Roth

Himanshu Sekhar Rout

Nitai Roy

Priyanka Roy

Enrico Rubagotti

Guilherme de Andrade Ruela

Susan Fred Rumisha

Tilleye Runghien

Godfrey M Rwegerera

Andrzej Rynkiewicz

Chandan S N

Aly M A Saad

Zahra Saadatian

Korosh Saber

Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad

Morteza SaberiKamarposhti

Siamak Sabour

Simona Sacco

Perminder S Sachdev

Rajesh Sachdeva

Basema Saddik

Adam Saddler

Bashdar Abuzed Sadee

Ehsan Sadeghi

Erfan Sadeghi

Farideh Sadeghian

Mohammad Reza Saeb

Umar Saeed

Fahimeh Safaeinejad

Sher Zaman Safi

Rajesh Sagar

Amene Saghazadeh

Dominic Sagoe

Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari

Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari

Amirhossein Sahebkar

Soumya Swaroop Sahoo

Umakanta Sahoo

Monalisha Sahu

Zahra Saif

Mirza Rizwan Sajid

Joseph W Sakshaug

Nasir Salam

Payman Salamati

Afeez Abolarinwa Salami

Luciane B Salaroli

Mohamed A Saleh

Sana Salehi

Marwa Rashad Salem

Mohammed Z Y Salem

Sohrab Salimi

Hossein Samadi Kafil

Sara Samadzadeh

Saad Samargandy

Yoseph Leonardo Samodra

Abdallah M Samy

Juan Sanabria

Francesca Sanna

Damian Francesco Santomauro

Itamar S Santos

Milena M Santric-Milicevic

Bruno Piassi Sao Jose

Made Ary Sarasmita

Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy

Aswini Saravanan

Babak Saravi

Yaser Sarikhani

Tanmay Sarkar

Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez

Gargi Sachin Sarode

Sachin C Sarode

Arash Sarveazad

Brijesh Sathian

Thirunavukkarasu Sathish

Maheswar Satpathy

Abu Sayeed

Md Abu Sayeed

Mete Saylan

Mehdi Sayyah

Nikolaos Scarmeas

Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt

Markus P Schlaich

Winfried Schlee

Maria Inês Schmidt

Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider

Art Schuermans

Austin E Schumacher

Aletta Elisabeth Schutte

Michaël Schwarzinger

David C Schwebel

Falk Schwendicke

Mario Šekerija

Siddharthan Selvaraj

Sabyasachi Senapati

Subramanian Senthilkumaran

Sadaf G Sepanlou

Dragos Serban

Yashendra Sethi

Feng Sha

Maryam Shabany

Amir Shafaat

Mahan Shafie

Nilay S Shah

Pritik A Shah

Syed Mahboob Shah

Saeed Shahabi

Ataollah Shahbandi

Izza Shahid

Samiah Shahid

Wajeehah Shahid

Hamid R Shahsavari

Moyad Jamal Shahwan

Ahmed Shaikh

Masood Ali Shaikh

Alireza Shakeri

Ali S Shalash

Sunder Sham

Muhammad Aaqib Shamim

Mehran Shams-Beyranvand

Hina Shamshad

Mohammad Anas Shamsi

Mohd Shanawaz

Abhishek Shankar

Sadaf Sharfaei

Amin Sharifan

Javad Sharifi-Rad

Rajesh Sharma

Saurab Sharma

Ujjawal Sharma

Vishal Sharma

Rajesh P Shastry

Amin Shavandi

Maryam Shayan

Amr Mohamed Elsayed Shehabeldine

Aziz Sheikh

Rahim Ali Sheikhi

Jiabin Shen

Adithi Shetty

B Suresh Kumar Shetty

Pavanchand H Shetty

Peilin Shi

Kenji Shibuya

Desalegn Shiferaw

Mika Shigematsu

Min-Jeong Shin

Youn Ho Shin

Rahman Shiri

Reza Shirkoohi

Nebiyu Aniley Shitaye

Aminu Shittu

Ivy Shiue

K M Shivakumar

Velizar Shivarov

Farhad Shokraneh

Azad Shokri

Sina Shool

Seyed Afshin Shorofi

Sunil Shrestha

Kerem Shuval

Emmanuel Edwar Siddig

João Pedro Silva

Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva

Soraia Silva

Colin R Simpson

Anjali Singal

Abhinav Singh

Balbir Bagicha Singh

Garima Singh

Jasbir Singh

Narinder Pal Singh

Paramdeep Singh

Surjit Singh

Dhirendra Narain Sinha

Robert Sinto

Md Shahjahan Siraj

Sarah Brooke Sirota

Freddy Sitas

Shravan Sivakumar

Valentin Yurievich Skryabin

Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina

David A Sleet

Bogdan Socea

Anton Sokhan

Ranjan Solanki

Shipra Solanki

Hamidreza Soleimani

Sameh S M Soliman

Suhang Song

Yimeng Song

Reed J D Sorensen

Joan B Soriano

Ireneous N Soyiri

Michael Spartalis

Sandra Spearman

Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy

Vijay Kumar Srivastava

Jeffrey D Stanaway

Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai

Benjamin A Stark

Joseph R Starnes

Antonina V Starodubova

Caroline Stein

Dan J Stein

Fridolin Steinbeis

Caitlyn Steiner

Jaimie D Steinmetz

Paschalis Steiropoulos

Aleksandar Stevanović

Leo Stockfelt

Mark A Stokes

Stefan Stortecky

Vetriselvan Subramaniyan

Muhammad Suleman

Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader

Abida Sultana

Haitong Zhe Sun

Jing Sun

Johan Sundström

David Sunkersing

Katharina S Sunnerhagen

Chandan Kumar Swain

Lukasz Szarpak

Mindy D Szeto

Miklós Szócska

Payam Tabaee Damavandi

Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos

Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei

Ozra Tabatabaei Malazy

Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh

Shima Tabatabai

Mohammad Tabish

JYOTHI TADAKAMADLA

Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla

Yasaman Taheri Abkenar

Moslem Taheri Soodejani

Jabeen Taiba

Ken Takahashi

Iman M Talaat

Ashis Talukder

Mircea Tampa

Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi

Ker-Kan Tan

Sarmila Tandukar

Haosu Tang

Hong K Tang

Ingan Ukur Tarigan

Mengistie Kassahun Tariku

Md Tariqujjaman

Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang

Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee

Seyed Mohammad Tavangar

Nuno Taveira

Yibekal Manaye Tefera

Mohamad-Hani Temsah

Reem Mohamad Hani Temsah

Masayuki Teramoto

Riki Tesler

Enoch Teye-Kwadjo

Rishu Thakur

Pugazhenthan Thangaraju

Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan

Samar Tharwat

Rasiah Thayakaran

Nihal Thomas

Nikhil Kenny Thomas

Azalea M Thomson

Amanda G Thrift

Chern Choong Chern Thum

Lau Caspar Thygesen

Jing Tian

Ales Tichopad

Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu

Tala Tillawi

Tenaw Yimer Tiruye

Mariya Vladimirovna Titova

Marcello Tonelli

Roman Topor-Madry

Adetunji T Toriola

Anna E Torre

Mathilde Touvier

Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone

Jasmine T Tran

Nghia Minh Tran

Domenico Trico

Samuel Joseph Tromans

Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen

Aristidis Tsatsakis

Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay

Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini

Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu

Kang Tung

Stefanos Tyrovolas

Sayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin

Aniefiok John Udoakang

Arit Udoh

Atta Ullah

Irfan Ullah

Saeed Ullah

Sana Ullah

Srikanth Umakanthan

Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo

Brigid Unim

Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan

Carolyn Anne Unsworth

Era Upadhyay

Daniele Urso

Jibrin Sammani Usman

Seyed Mohammad Vahabi

Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan

Rohollah Valizadeh

Sarah M Van de Velde

Jef Van den Eynde

Orsolya Varga

Priya Vart

Shoban Babu Varthya

Tommi Juhani Vasankari

Milena Vasic

Siavash Vaziri

Balachandar Vellingiri

Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian

Nicholas Alexander Verghese

Madhur Verma

Massimiliano Veroux

Georgios-Ioannis Verras

Dominique Vervoort

Jorge Hugo Villafañe

Gabriela Ines Villanueva

Manish Vinayak

Francesco S Violante

Maria Viskadourou

Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov

Vasily Vlassov

Bay Vo

Stein Emil Vollset

Avina Vongpradith

Theo Vos

Isidora S Vujcic

Rade Vukovic

Hatem A Wafa

Yasir Waheed

Richard G Wamai

Cong Wang

Ning Wang

Shu Wang

Song Wang

Yanzhong Wang

Yuan-Pang Wang

Muhammad Waqas

Paul Ward

Emebet Gashaw Wassie

Stefanie Watson

Stephanie Louise Watson Watson

Kosala Gayan Weerakoon

Melissa Y Wei

Robert G Weintraub

Daniel J Weiss

Ronny Westerman

Joanna L Whisnant

Taweewat Wiangkham

Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe

Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe

Angga Wilandika

Caroline Wilkerson

Peter Willeit

Shadrach Wilson

Marcin W Wojewodzic

Demewoz H Woldegebreal

Axel Walter Wolf

Charles D A Wolfe

Yohannes Addisu Wondimagegene

Yen Jun Wong

Utoomporn Wongsin

Ai-Min Wu

Chenkai Wu

Felicia Wu

Xinsheng Wu

Zenghong Wu

Juan Xia

Hong Xiao

Yang Xie

Suowen Xu

Wang-Dong Xu

Xiaoyue Xu

Yvonne Yiru Xu

Ali Yadollahpour

Kazumasa Yamagishi

Danting Yang

Lin Yang

Yuichiro Yano

Yao Yao

Habib Yaribeygi

Pengpeng Ye

Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet

Metin Yesiltepe

Subah Abderehim Yesuf

Saber Yezli

Siyan Yi

Amanuel Yigezu

Arzu Yiğit

Vahit Yiğit

Paul Yip

Malede Berihun Yismaw

Yazachew Yismaw

Dong Keon Yon

Naohiro Yonemoto

Seok-Jun Yoon

Yuyi You

Mustafa Z Younis

Zabihollah Yousefi

Chuanhua Yu

Yong Yu

Faith H Yuh

Siddhesh Zadey

Vesna Zadnik

Nima Zafari

Fathiah Zakham

Nazar Zaki

Sojib Bin Zaman

Nelson Zamora

Ramin Zand

Moein Zangiabadian

Heather J Zar

Iman Zare

Armin Zarrintan

Mohammed G M Zeariya

Zahra Zeinali

Haijun Zhang

Jianrong Zhang

Jingya Zhang

Liqun Zhang

Yunquan Zhang

Zhi-Jiang Zhang

Hanqing Zhao

Chenwen Zhong

Juexiao Zhou

Bin Zhu

Lei Zhu

Makan Ziafati

Magdalena Zielińska

Osama A Zitoun

Mohammad Zoladl

Zhiyong Zou

Liesl J Zuhlke

Alimuddin Zumla

Elric Zweck

Samer H Zyoud

Eve E Wool

Christopher J L Murray



Abstract

Background
Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations.

Methods
The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds.

Findings
The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles.

Interpretation
Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere.

Citation

Naghavi, M., Ong, K. L., Aali, A., Ababneh, H. S., Abate, Y. H., Abbafati, C., …Murray, C. J. L. (2024). Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736%2824%2900367-2

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Apr 1, 2024
Online Publication Date Apr 3, 2024
Publication Date 2024-04
Deposit Date Apr 29, 2024
Journal The Lancet
Print ISSN 0140-6736
Publisher Elsevier
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736%2824%2900367-2
Additional Information This article is maintained by: Elsevier; Article Title: Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021; Journal Title: The Lancet; CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00367-2; Content Type: article; Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.